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第三篇
Preserve the Environment
Throughout history man has changed his physical environment in order to improve his way of life.
With the tools of technology he has altered many physical features of the earth.He has transformed
woodlands into farmland,and made lakes and reservoirs out of rivers for irrigation purposes or hydroelectric
power. Man has also modified the face of the earth by draining marshes and cutting through mountains to
build roads and railways.
However,man's changes to the physical environment have not always had beneficial results.Today,
pollution of the air and water is an increasing danger to the health of the planet.Each day thousands of tons
of gases come out of the exhausts of motor vehicles;smoke from factories pollutes the air of industrialized areas
and the surrounding areas of countryside.The air in cities is becoming increasingly unhealthy.
The pollution of water is equally harmful.In the sea,pollution from oil is increasing and is killing enor-
mous numbers of algae(水藻),fish and birds.The whole ecological balance of the sea is being changed.
The same problem exists in rivers.Industrial wastes have already made many rivers lifeless.
Conservationists believe that it is now necessary for man to limit the growth of technology in order to sur-
vive on earth.
According to the passage,pollution of the air and water is caused by__________.
A:thousands of tons of gases coming out of the exhausts of motor vehicles
B:the changes of the environment that technology has brought to man
C:the increasing amount of oil that has been produced
D:industrial wastes discharged into rivers

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共用题干
第一篇
A recent study,published in last week's Journal of American Medical Association,offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver. Indeed,a 16-year-old driver with three or more passengers is three times as likely to have a fatal accident as a teenager driving alone,by contrast,the risk of death for drivers between 30 and 59 decreases with. each additional passenger.
The author also found that the death rates for teenage drivers increased dramatically after 10 pm,and especially after midnight.With passengers in the car,the driver was even more likely to die in a late-night accident.
Robert Foss,a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway safety Research Center, says the higher death rates for teenage drivers,have less to do with"really stupid behavior" than with just a lack of driving experience."The basic issue,"he says,"is that adults who are responsible for issuing licenses fail to recognize how complex and skilled a task driving is."
Both he and the author of the study believe that the way to mitigate(使······缓解)the problem is to have states institute so-called graduated licensing systems,in which getting a license is a multistage process.A graduated license requires that a teenager first prove himself capable of driving in the presence of an adult,followed by a period of driving with passenger restrictions,before graduating to full driving privileges.
Graduate licensing systems have reduced teenage driver crashes,according to recent studies. About half of the states now have some sort of graduated licensing system in place,but only 10 of those states have restrictions on passengers. California is the strictest,with a novice(新手)driver prohibited from carrying any passenger under 20(without the presence of an adult over 25)for the first six months.
According to Paragraph 3,which of the following statements is true?
A:Teenagers should spend more time learning to drive.
B:Driving is a skill too complicated for teenagers to learn.
C:Restriction should be imposed on teenagers applying to take driving lessons.
D:The licensing authorities are partly responsible for teenagers' driving accidents.
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Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as“Ecosystem Engineers”
Research by the University of Exeter has revealed that ants have a big impact on their local environment as a result of their activity as“ecosystem engineers”and predators. The study,published in the Journal of Animal Ecology,found that ants have two distinct effects on their local environment.
Firstly,through moving of soil by nest building activity and by collecting food they af-fect the level of nutrients in the soil. This can indirectly impact the local populations of many animal groups,from decomposers to species much higher up the food chain.
Secondly,they prey on a wide range of other animals,including larger prey which can be attacked by vast numbers of ant workers.
Dirk Sanders,an author of the study from the university's Centre for Ecology and Con-servation,said:“Ants are very effective predators which thrive in huge numbers. They're al-so very territorial and very aggressive,defending their resources and territory against other predators. All of this means they have a strong influence on their surrounding area.”
“In this research,we studied for the first time how big this impact is and the subtleties of it. What we found is that despite being predators,their presence can also lead to an increase in density and diversity of other animal groups. They genuinely play a key role in the local environment,having a big influence on the grassland food web,”Sanders said.
The study,carried out in Germany,studied the impact of the presence of different combinations and densities of black garden ants and common red ants,both species which can be found across Europe,including in the UK.It found that a low density of ants in an area increased the diversity and density of other animals in the local area,particularly the density of herbivores and decomposers. At higher densities ants had no or the opposite effect,showing that predation is counteracting the positive influence.
Dr Frank van Veen,another author on the study,said:“What we find is that the impact of ants on soil nutrient levels has a positive effect on animal groups at low levels,but as the number of ants increases,their predatory impacts have the bigger effect一thereby counteracting the positive influence via ecosystem engineering.”
Ants are important components of ecosystems not only because they constitute a great part of the animal biomass but also because they act as ecosystem engineers. Ant biodiversity is incredibly high and these organisms are highly responsive to human impact,which obviously reduces its richness. However,it is not clear how such disturbance damages the maintenance of ant services to the ecosystem. Ants are important in below ground processes through the alteration of the physical and chemical environment and through their effects on plants,microorganisms,and other soil organisms.
As predators,ants______.
A:prey on small as well as large animals
B: collect nutritious food from the soil
C: collect food as decomposers
D: prey on species much higher up the food chain
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Common-cold Sense
You can't beat it,but you don't have to join it.Maybe it got the name"common cold"because it's more common in winter.The fact is,though,being cold doesn't have anything to do with getting one.Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses,and,at least so far,medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one.
Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults,because they have more colds than adults-an average of about eight per year.Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents?Simple.They haven't had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses.
There are more than 150 different cold viruses,and you never have the same one twice.being infected by one makes you immune to it-but only it.
Colds are usually spread by direct contact,not sneezing or coughing.From another person's hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route.The highest concentration of cold viruses anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy,although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces.
Hygiene is your best defense.Wash your hands frequently,preferably with a disinfectant soap,especially when children in your household have colds.
But even careful hygiene won't ward off every cold.So,what works when a coughing,sneezing, runny nose strikes?
The old prescription of two aspirins,lots of water,and bed rest is a good place to start.But you'll also find some of the folk remedies worth trying.Hot mixtures of sugar(or honey),lemon,and water have real benefits.
According to the essay,you may have a cold because.
A:the weather is too cold
B:the spread of rhinoviruses gets people infected
C:another person's coughing passes the cold to you
D:you wash your hands too often
Do we have to wear these name tags?
A: lists
B: forms
C: codes
D: labels
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A Health Profile
A health profile is a portrait of all of the factors that influence your health.To draw your health profile,
you will__________(51)what diseases run in your family,what health hazards you may be exposed to
_________(52)work,how your daily__________(53)compares to the recommended standards,how much
timE per week you________(54)exercising and what type of exercise you engage_________(55),how
stressful your work and family environments are,what kinds of illnesses you get regularly,and_______(56)
or not you have any one of a number of addictions._______(57)this portrait,you should have a checkup
to determine how your blood,heart,and lungs are functioning.This checkup will serve________(58)a
haseline,to which you can then comPare later tests.
_________(59)this profile 15 thoroughly drawn,you can begin to think about setting health priorities
based__________(60)your particular portrait.For example,if you drink two martinis every evening,have a
high-stress______(61),are overweight,。moke a pack of cigaretteo a day,and uoe marijuana occaoional-
ly on weekends,you should quit smoking first,followed_________(62)losing the excess weight,reducing
the stress of your job,giving up your marijuana habit,and then finally giving some________(63)to those
martinis if you want to prevent first cancer,and then heart disease.Even for the youthful working person
who has never been sick a day in his life,who 15__________(64)excellent health,a good look at all health
habits and at work and home environments may suggest changes that will_______(65)him in the future.
_________(58)
A:as
B:for
C:on
D:about
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