Medicine achieved its splendid eminence by applying the principle of fragmentation to the human condition. Our bodily ills have been split up relegated to different experts: an itch to the dermatologist, a twitch to the neurologist and if all else fails, a visit to the psychiatrist. For this last, intangible function & the family doctor has been taken over by the specialist confessional.In Israel, you queue at one desk for a cut finger, at another for a sprain, and a third for shock-even if all three symptoms resulted from one accident. In Britain, both the growing importance of hospital facilities and the reluctance of GE.s to unit their resources has gone far towards making the surgery a baby or calming a neurotic.Consultants and G.Ps begin the same way, as medical students obliged to cultivate detachment. But whereas family doctor gets involved in the intimate details of his “parish”， the consultant need only meet aspects of the patient relevant to his specialty. The more he endeavors to specialize, the more extraneous phenomena must be shut out. Beyond the token bedside exchanges he need not go.Consequently, in a surgical ward, there are no people at all: only an appendectomy, a tumor, two hernias, and a “terminal case” (hospitals avoid the word “dying”). To make impersonality easier, beds are numbered and patients are known by numbers. Remoteness provides the hospital with a practical working code.Nurses too have evolved their own defense system. Since they care for individuals, they could with dangerous ease become too involved. The nursing profession has therefore perfected its own technique of fragmentation, task assignment”. This enables one patient’s needs to be split up among many nurses. One junior will go down a row of beds inserting a thermometer into a row of mouths. Whether the owners are asleep or drinking tea is irrelevant; the job comes first, in her final year, a student will undertake the pre-medication of patients on theatre-list. She has by that time learnt to see them as objects for injection, not frightened people.Nursing leaders realize the drawbacks in this system. There-has been talk of group-assignment to link nurses with particular patients and give some continuity. But the actual number of experiments can be counted on one hand. Nurses, as they often plead, touchingly, “are only human”. They shun responsibility for life and death, if responsibility is split into a kaleidoscope of urines, it weighs less on any one person.1.In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that（ ）.2.According to the passage nurses are（ ） .3.In this passage, the writer is ultimately suggesting that （ ）.4.According to the writers the attempts by nursing leaders to improve the system 5.The word “shun” in the last paragraph means （ ）.

A.healthcare has become more efficient B.healthcare has become less caring C.hospitals have too many specialists D.there should be more opportunities for amateurs in hospitals
问题2：
A.overpaid and uncaring B.overworked and unfairly criticized C.overwhelmed and undervalued D.uncaring but efficient
问题3：
A.healthcare has become more efficient B.healthcare has become less caring C.hospitals have too many specialists D.there should be more opportunities for amateurs in hospitals
问题4：
A.a step in the fight direction B.impressive C.few D.flawed
问题5：
A.dodge B.claim C.appreciate D.undertake

This spacious room is（ ） furnished with just a few articles in it.

Many people are（ ） to insect bites, and some even have to go to hospital.

The press is constantly reminding us that the dramatic increase in the age of our population over the next 30 or so years will cause national healthcare systems to collapse, economies to crumple under the strain of pension demands and disintegrating families to buckle under increasing care commitments. Yet research at Oxford is beginning to expose some of the widespread myths that underlie this rhetoric. Demographic aging is undoubtedly a reality. Life expectancy in developed countries has risen continuously over the past century, increasing the percentage of those over the age of 60 relative to those under the age of 15. By 2030 half the population of Western Europe will be over the age of 50, with a predicted average life expectancy of a further 40 years. By then, a quarter of the population will be over 65 and by 2050 the UK’s current numbers of 10,000 centenarians are predicted to have reached a quarter of a million. Some demographers have even suggested that half of all baby girls bom in the West today will live to see the next century.（1）Indeed, if this could be achieved throughout the world, it would surely count as the success of civilization, for then we would also have conquered the killers of poverty, disease, famine and war.Decreasing mortality rates increasing longevity and declining fertility mean smaller percentages of young people within populations. Over the past 20 years life expectancy at birth in the UK has risen by four years for men (to 75) and three years for women (to 80). Meanwhile fertility rates across Europe have declined more or less continuously over the past 40 years and remain well below the levels required for European populations to be able to replace themselves without substantive immigration. But again, rather than seeing this as a doom and gloom scenario, we need to explore the positive aspects of these demographics. The next 50 years should provide us with all opportunity to enjoy the many advantages of a society with a mature population structure.（2）The first of these is the current political rhetoric which claims that health services across the Western World are collapsing under the strain of demographic ageing.（3）The second myth is the view that the ratio of workers to non-workers will become so acute that Western economies will collapse, compounded by a massive growth in pension debt, While there are undoubted concerns over current pension shortfalls, it is also clear that working lives will themselves change over the next few decades, with a predicted increase in flexible and part. Time work and the probable extension of working life until the age of 70. Indeed, we have to recognize that we cannot expect to retire at the age of 50 and then be able to support ourselves for another 40 or so year. Neither a solid pension scheme nor savings can carry people that long.（4）A further myth is that we will all live in loose, multigenerational families, experiencing increased emotional distancing from our kin. Evidence from a variety of studies across the developed world suggests that, if anything, the modern family is actually becoming more close-knit. Work carried out by the Oxford Institute in Scandinavia and in a Pan-European Family Care Study, for example, shows that despite the influence of the welfare state, over the past 10 years, people have come to value family relationships more than previously.（5）In the developed world therefore, we can see actual benefits from population aging: a better balance between age groups, mature and less volatile societies, with an emphasis on age integration. The issues will be very different in other parts of the world.Herein lays another myth: that the less developed world will escape form demographic aging. Instead, the massive increase in the age of populations facing these countries-predicted to be up to one billion older people within 30 years - is potentially devastating. The problem is not only that demographic aging is occurring at a far greater pace than we have seen in Western nations, but also that few if any developing countries have

There have been some speculations at times as to who will take over the company.

The computer can be programmed to（ ） a whole variety of tasks.