Prior to 1975, union efforts to organize public-sector clerical worker, most of whom are women, were somewhat limited. The factors favoring unionization drives seem to have been either the presence of large numbers of workers, as in New York City, to make it worth the effort, or the concentration of small numbers in one or two locations, such as a hospital, to make it relatively easy. Receptivity to unionization on the workers, part was also a consideration, but when there were large numbers involved or the clerical workers were the only unorganized group in a jurisdiction, the multi-occupational unions would often try to organize them regardless of the workers’ initial receptivity. The strategic reasoning was based, first, on the concern that politicians and administrators might play off unionized against nonunionized workers, and, second, on the conviction that a fully unionized public work force meant power, both at the bargaining table and in the legislature. In localities where clerical workers were few in number, were scattered in several workplaces, and expressed no interest in being organized, unions more often than not ignored them in the pre-1975 period.But since the mid-1970’s, a different strategy has emerged. In 1977, 34 percent of government clerical workers were represented by a labor organization, compared with 46 percent of government professionals, 44 percent of government blue-collar workers, and 41 percent of government service workers. Since then, however, the biggest increases in public-sector unionization have been among clerical workers. Between 1977 and 1980, the number of unionized government workers in blue-collar and service occupations increased only about 1.5 percent, while in the white-collar occupations the increase was 20 percent and among clerical workers in particular, the increase was 22 percent.What accounts for this upsurge in unionization among clerical workers? First, more women have entered the work force in the past few years, and more of them plan to remain working until retirement age. Consequently, they are probably more concerned than their predecessors were about job security and economic benefits. Also, the women’s movement has succeeded in legitimizing the economic and political activism of women of their own behalf, thereby producing a more positive attitude toward unions. The absence of any comparable increase in unionization among private-sector clerical worker, however, identifies the primary catalyst --- the structural change in the multi-occupational public-sector unions themselves. Over the past twenty years, the occupational distribution in these unions has been steadily shifting from predominantly blue-collar to predominantly white-collar. Because there are far more women in white-collar jobs, an increase in the proportion of female members has accompanied the occupational shift and has altered union policy-making in favor of organizing women and addressing women’s issues.1.According to the passage, the public-sector workers who were most likely to belong to unions in 1977 were（ ） .2.The author cites union efforts to achieve a fully unionized work force (line 11—15) in order to account for why（ ）.3.The author’s claim that, since the mid-1970’s, a new strategy has emerged in the unionization of public-sector clerical workers (line 19) would be strengthened if the author（ ）.4.According to the passage, in the period prior to 1975, each of the following considerations helped determine whether a union would attempt to organize a certain group of clerical workers EXCEPT（ ） .
5.The author states that which of the following is a consequence of the women’s movement of recent years?
6.The main concern of the passage is to（ ） .7.The author implies that if the increase in the number of women in the work force and the impact of the women’s movement were the main causes of the rise in unionization of public-sector clerical workers, then（ ） .8.The author suggests that it would be disadvantageous to a union if（ ） .9.The author implies that, in comparison with worki
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In the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew faster than at any time in the peacetime history of any country-from 82 to 110 million between 1973 and 1985-that is, by a full one third. The entire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially no-blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed, even more pronounced in Japan. It is therefore highly probable that in 25 years developed countries such as the United States and Japan will employ no larger a proportion of the harbor force in manufacturing than devolved countries now employ in farming-at most, 10 percent. Today the United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobs in manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no more than 12 million. In some major industries the drop will be even sharper.It is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the American automobile industry will employ more one-third of its present blue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50 percent higher.If a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quarter century sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same sharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remain competitive or even to remain "developed”. The attempt to preserve such blue-collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment.This is not a conclusion that American politicians, labor leaders or indeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confuses the issue even more it that the United States is experiencing several separate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor. When Henry Ford introduced the assembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man-hours required to produce a motor by some 80 percent in two or three years---far more than anyone expects to result from even the most complete prioritization. But there is no doubt that we are facing a new, sharp acceleration in the replacement of manual workers by machines—that is, by the products of knowledge.
1.According to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing labor force demonstrates（ ）.2.According to the author, in coming 25 years, a developed country or industry, in order to remain competitive, ought to（ ） .
3.American politicians and labor leaders tend to dislike（ ） .4.The word "prescription" in ’’a prescription for unemployment" may be the equivalent to（ ）.5.This passage may have been excepted from （ ）.
A.the degree to which a country's production is robotized B.a reduction in a country’s manufacturing industries C.a worsening relationship between labor and management D.the difference between a developed country and a developing country问题2： A.reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work force B.preserve blue-collar jobs for international competition C.accelerate motor-car manufacturing in Henry Ford’s style D.solve the problem of unemployment问题3： A.confusion in manufacturing economy B.an increase in blue-collar work force C.internal competition in manufacturing production D.a drop in the blue-collar job opportunities问题4： A.something recommended as medical treatment B.a way suggested to overcome somber difficulty C.some measures taken in advance D.a device to dire问题5： A.a magazine about capital investment B.an article on automation C.a motor-car magazine D.an article on global economyCommunications technologies are far from equal when it comes to conveying the truth. The first study to compare honesty across a range of communication media has found that people are twice as likely to tell lies in phone conversations as they are in emails. The fact that emails are automatically recorded-and can come back to haunt （困扰）you—appears to be the key to the finding.Jeff Hancock of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, asked 30 students to keep a communications diary for a week. In it they noted the number of conversations or email exchanges they had lasting more than 10 minutes, and confessed to how many lies they told. Hancock then worked out the number of lies per conversation for each medium. He found that lies made up 14 per cent of emails, 21 percent of instant messages, 27 per cent of face-to-face interactions and an astonishing 37 per cent of phone calls.His results to be presented at the conference on human-computer interaction in Vienna, Austria, in April, have surprised psychologists. Some expected emailers to be the biggest liars, reasoning that because deception makes people uncomfortable, the detachment of emailing would make it easier to lie. Others expected people to lie more in face-to-face exchanges because we are most practiced at that form of communication.But Hancock says it is also crucial whether a conversation is being recorded and could be reread and whether it occurs in real time. People appear to be afraid to lie when they know the communication could later be used to hold them to account, he says. This is why fewer lies appear in email than on the phone.People are also more likely to lie in real time-in an instant message or phone call, say-than if they have time to think of a response, says Hancock. He found many lies are spontaneous responses to an unexpected demand, such as: “Do you like my dress?”Hancock hopes his research will help companies work out the best ways for their employees to communicate. For instance, the phone might be the best medium for sales where employees are encouraged to stretch the truth. But, given result, work assessment where honesty is a priority, might be best done using email.1.Hancock’s study focuses on（ ） .2.Hancock’s research finding surprised those who believed that（ ） .3.According to the passage, why are people more likely to tell the truth through certain media of communication?4.According to Hancock the telephone is a preferable medium for promoting sales because（ ）5.It can be inferred from the passage that（ ） .
A.The consequences of lying in various communications media. B.The success of communications technologies in conveying ideas C.People are less likely to lie in instant messages D.People’s honesty levels across a range of communications media
问题2：
A.People are less likely to lie in instant messages B.People are unlikely to lie in face-to-face interactions C.People are most likely to lie in email communication D.People are twice as likely to lie in phone conversations
问题3：
A.They are afraid of leaving behind traces of their lies. B.They believe that honesty is the best policy. C.They tend to be relaxed when using those media D.They are most practised at those forms of communication
问题4：
A.salesmen can talk directly to their customers B.salesmen may feel less restrained to exaggerate C.salesmen can impress customers as being trustworthy D.salesmen may pass on instant messages effectively
问题5：
A.honesty should be encouraged in interpersonal communications B.more employers will use emails to communicate with their employees C.suitable media should be chosen for different communication purposes D.email is now the dominant medium of communication within a company
About twice every century, one of the massive stars in our galaxy blows itself apart in a supernova explosion that sends massive quantities of radiation and matter into space and generates shock waves that sweep through the arms of the galaxy. The shock waves heat the interstellar gas, evaporate small clouds, and compress larger ones to the point at which they collapse under their own gravity to form new stars. The general picture that has been developed for the supernova explosion and its aftermath goes something like this. Throughout its evolution, a star is much like a leaky balloon. It keeps its equilibrium figure through a balance of internal pressure against the tendency to collapse under its own weight. The pressure is generated by nuclear reactions in the core of the star which must continually supply energy to balance the energy that leaks out in the form of radiation. Eventually the nuclear fuel is exhausted, and the pressure drops in the core. With nothing to hold it up, the matter in the center of the star collapses inward, creating higher and higher densities and temperatures, until the nuclei and electrons are fused into a super-dense lump of matter known as a neutron star.As the overlying layers rain down on the surface of the neutron star, the temperature rises, until with a blinding flash of radiation, the collapse is reversed. A thermonuclear shock wave runs through the now expanding stellar envelope, fusing lighter elements into heavier ones and producing a brilliant visual outburst that can be as intense as the light of 10 billion suns. The shell of matter thrown off by the explosion plows through the surrounding gas, producing an expanding bubble of hot gas, with gas temperatures in the millions of degrees. This gas will emit most of its energy at X-ray wavelengths, so it is not surprising that X-ray observatories have provided some of the most useful insights into the nature of the supernova phenomenon. More than twenty supernova remnants have now been detected in X-ray studies.Recent discoveries of meteorites with anomalous concentrations of certain isotopes indicate that a supernova might have precipitated the birth of our solar system more than four and a half billion years ago. Although the cloud that collapsed to form the Sun and the planets was composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, it also contained carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, elements essential for life as we know it. Elements heavier than helium are manufactured deep in the interior of stars and would, for the most part, remain there if it were not for the cataclysmic supernova explosions that blow giant stars apart. Additionally, supernovas produce clouds of high-energy particles called cosmic rays. These high-energy particles continually bombard the Earth and are responsible for many of the genetic mutations that are the driving force of the evolution of species.1.Which of the following titles best describes the content of the passage?2.According to the passage a neutron star is（ ） .3.It can be inferred from the passage that the meteorites mentioned by the author in Para.3 （ ）.4.According to the passage what is the first event in the sequence that leads to the occurrence of a supernova?5.The author implies that （ ）.
A.The Origins and Effects of Supernovas B.Violent Change in the Universe C.The Aftermath of a Supernova D.The Origins and Evolution of Life on Earth
问题2：
A.a gaseous cloud containing heavy elements B.an intermediate stage between an ordinary star and a supernova C.the core of an ordinary star that houses the thermonuclear reactions D.one of billions of meteors that are scattered across the galaxy by a supernova
问题3：
A.contain dangerous concentrations of radioactive materials B.are larger than the meteors normally found in a solar system like ours C.contain pieces of a supernova that occurred several billion years ago D.include material not created in the normal development of our solar system
问题4：
A.An ordinary star begins to emit tremendous quantities of X-rays. B.An imbalance between light and heavy element
1.Which one of the following best states the man idea of the passage?2.Which one of the following statements about “Civil Disobedience” would the author consider most accurate?3.According to the passage, which one of the following is true of Emerson and Fuller?4.The passage suggests which one of the following about Thoreau?5.According to the passage, King differed from most transcendentalists in that he（ ） .
'>Nearly every writer on the philosophy of civil rights activist Martin Luther King, it makes a connection between King and Henry David Thoreau, usually via Thoreau’s famous essay.”Civil Disobedience" (1849). In his book Stride Toward Freedom (1958), King himself stated that Thoreau’s essay was his first intellectual contact with the theory of passive resistance to governmental laws that are perceived as morally unjust. However, this emphasis on Thoreau’s influence on King is unfortunate: first, King would not have agreed with many other aspects of Thoreau’s philosophy, including Thoreau's ultimate acceptance of violence as a form of protest; second, an overemphasis on the influence of one essay has kept historians from noting other correspondences between King's philosophy and transcendentalism. "Civil Disobedience" as the only example of transcendentalist writing with which King was familiar, and in many other transcendentalist writings, including works by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Margaret Fuller, King would have found ideas more nearly akin to his own. The kind of civil disobedience King had in mind was, in fact, quite different from Thoreau’s view of civil disobedience. Thoreau, like most other transcendentalists, was primarily interested in reform of the ind
Mary Barton, particularly in its early chapters, is a moving response to the suffering of theindustrial worker in the England of the 1840’s. What is most impressive about the book is the intense and painstaking effort made by the author, Elizabeth Gaskell, to convey the experience of everyday life in working-class homes. Her method is partly documentary in nature: the novel includes such features as a carefully annotated reproduction of dialect, the exact details of food prices in an account of a tea party, an itemized description of the furniture of the Bartons’ living room, and a transcription(again annotated of the ballad “The Oldham Weaver.” The interest of this record is considerable, even though the method has a slightly distancing effect. As a member of the middle class, Gaskell could hardly help approaching working-class life as an outside observer and a reporter, and the reader of the novel is always conscious of this fact. But there is genuine imaginative re-creation in her accounts of the walk in Green Heys Fields, of tea at the Bartons’ house, and of John Barton and his friend’s discovery of the starving family in the cellar in the chapter “Poverty and Death.” Indeed, for a similarly convincing re-creation of such families emotions and responses (which are more crucial than the material details on which the mere reporter is apt to concentrate), the English novel had to wait 60 years for the early writing of D.H. Lawrence. If Gaskell never quite conveys the sense of full participation that would completely authenticate this aspect of Mary Barton, she still brings to these scenes an intuitive recognition of feelings that has its own sufficient conviction.The chapter “Old Alice’s History” brilliantly dramatizes the situation of that early generation of workers brought from the villages and the countryside to the urban industrial centers. The account of Job Legh, the weaver and naturalist who is devoted to the study of biology, vividly embodies one kind of response to an urban industrial environment: an affinity for living things that hardens, by its very contrast with its environment, into a kind of crankiness. The early chapters - about factory workers walking out in spring into Green Heys Fields; about Alice Wilson, remembering in her cellar the twig-gathering for brooms in the native village that she will never again see; about Job Lgh, intent on his impaled insects - capture the characteristic responses of a generation to the new and crushing experience of industrialism. The other early chapters eloquently portray the development of the instinctive cooperation with each other that was already becoming an important tradition among workers.1.Which of the following best describes the author’s attitude toward Gaskell’s use of the method of documentary record in Mary Barton?According to the passage, Mary Barton and the early novels of D.H Lawrence share which of the following?2. Which of the following is most closely analogous to Job Legh in Mary Barton, as that character is described in the passage?3.It can be inferred from examples given in the last paragraph of the passage that which of the following was part of “the new and crushing experience of indusfrialism” (lines 33-34) for many 4.members of the English working class in the nineteenth century?5.It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes that Mary Barton might have been an even better novel if Gaskell had（ ） .
6.Which of the following phrases could best be substituted for the phrase ‘"this aspect of Mary Barton" in line 20-21 without changing the meaning of the passage as a whole?
7.The author of the passage describes Mary Barton as each of the following EXCEPT
A.Uncritical enthusiasm B.Unresolved ambivalence C.Qualified approval D.Resigned acceptance问题2： A.Depiction of the feelings of working-class families. B.Documentary objectivity about working-class circumstances. C.Richly detailed description of working-class adjustment to urban life. D.Imaginatively structured plots about working-class characters.问
