Many mental institutions throughout the country have been turned into dumping grounds for thousands of oldsters who have no place else to go. Most of them aren’t really mentally ill. In the jargon of the hospital bureaucracy, they are classified as “inappropriate admissions.” But since society has nothing better to offer, they are left to rot without hope, help, or dignity. The usual exit is death.Often through no fault of their own , understaffed and overcrowded mental hospitals handle their “geriatric cases” little better than cattle. There is a recurrent pattern of elderly patients locked into wards to prevent them from wandering about, given steady doses of tranquilizers to keep them “manageable”, left day and night without a trace of human warmth or companionship.Some hospitals have wards full of elderly, tranquilized patients, bodies bloated from their inactive, meaningless existences, sitting listlessly on hard benches or sprawled asleep on the floor. There are women, silent as statues, occupying chairs and rockers in the corridors. While the weather may be beautiful outdoors, old men may indifferently shuffle about a geriatric “cottage” with nowhere to go and nothing to do.Yet many of the people could be restored to human dignity, not by complicated therapeutic procedures, but among other things, by providing good medical care and reaching out a hand of kindness towards them.It is estimated that one half of the old people in state mental hospitals today could leave if proper community resources, services and programs were available. But an indifferent society has not made them available.1.The main idea of this passage is that（ ）.2.“Geriatric”in paragraph 2 refers to people who are（ ） .3.We may infer that the author（ ） .4.The author believes that the real blame lies with（ ）.

A.most old people need family care B.good care for the elderly is costly C.many old people are living out their last years in mental institutions D.old people should be taken out of doors when the weather is pleasant
问题2：
A.old B.lonely C.mentally ill D.physically sick
问题3：
A.is indifferent to the status quo of the hospitals B.is sympathetic to the situation of the elderly C.is optimistic towards the future of the elderly D.is hostile towards the mental hospital staff
问题4：
A.the society B.the mental institutions C.the elderly D.the hospital bureaucracy

This is the industrialist’s（ ）: invest, and risk going bankrupt, or not invest and risk losing your share of the market.

Americans today don’t place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, entertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education—not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools aren’t difficult to find.“Schools have always been in a society where practical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitch’s latest book, Left Back : A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to the American distaste for intellectual pursuits.But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully participate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “we will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-intellectualism in American life, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in U. S. politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intelligence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book.Ralph Waldo Emerson and other Transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children: “We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 or 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti- intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized— going to school and learning to read—so he can preserve his innate goodness.Intellect, according to Hofstadter, is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, reorder, and adjust, while intellect examines, thinks, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines.School remains a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our country’s educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.”1.What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?2.We can learn from the passage that Americans have a history of（ ）.3.The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling are（ ）.4.Emerson, according to the passage, is probably （ ）.5.What does the author think of intellect?

Some 4, 000 private importers, exporters and wholesalers were nationalized and（ ）into a huge government monopoly, the State Trading Corp.

All theories（ ） from practice and in turn serve practice.

Social change is more likely to occur in societies where there is a mixture of different kinds of people than in societies where people are similar in many（1） .The simple（2 ）for this is that there are more different ways of looking at things（3 ）in the first kind of society. There are more ideas, more disagreements （4 ）interest, and more groups and organizations（5） different beliefs. In （6） , there is usually a greater worldly interest and greater tolerance in（7） societies. All these factors tend to promote social change by （8） more areas of life to decision. In a simple-racial （9 ） , there are （10） occasions for people to see the need or the opportunity for （11） because everything seems to be the same. And （12） conditions may not be satisfactory, they are at least customary and undisputed.

Social change is also likely to occur more frequently and（13） in the material aspects of the culture than in the non-material, for example, in technology rather than in values; in the（14） basic and emotional aspects of society than in their opposites; in form rather than in（15） ; and in elements that are （16） to the culture rather than in strange elements. （17） , social change is easier if it is gradual. For example, it comes（18） readily in human relations on a continuous scale rather than one with sharp differences. This is one reason why change has （19） come more quickly to Black Americans as （20） to other American minorities, because of sharp difference between them and their white counterparts.

A. take down

B. turn down

C. cut down

D. set down