Opponents of legalization often argue that inside the breast of all doctors, both sides of the argument agree, beats the heart of a Mengele（ ） .

A.for whom patients must be protected B.against whom patients must be protected C.against whom patients must protect themselves D.for whom patients must be being protected

You may have seen this when you tried to open a new bank or credit card account and you were presented with some multiple choice questions asking you to verify where you got your （ ）or car loan.

Any （ ）future religion must take seriously the implications for religion of the remarkable discoveries of the modern natural and human sciences.

The decades after 1830 were a period of disintegration and uncertainty in German philosophy. For almost half a century idealist philosophies, culminating in Hegel’s grandiose system，had dominated the philosophical scene, revolving around such spiritual notions as transcendental ego，consciousness，presentation (Vorstellung ) , idea, mind, and spirit (Geist). The rapid collapse of German Idealism—that “gigantic mountain range” of creative thought, as Husserl called it in 1917，was due to a combination of causes.There was in the first place, accelerated progress in the natural sciences, ranging from physiology (Johannes Muller, Ernst Weber) to physics (Robert Mayer, Hermann Helmholtz) and chemistry (Justus von Liebig, Friedrich Wohler). The success of the experimental approach visibly demonstrated the futility of all idealistic speculation about nature. Secondly, there was the rapid growth of technology (especially the construction of railways and the invention of the telegraph), combined with the process of industrialization (resulting in tensions between capital and labour which led to radical changes in the economic system). Moreover, new political ideas concerning popular participation in government led first of all to the abortive revolution of 1848 and resulted finally in the unification of Germany after the war of 1866.Next to philosophical idealism, the other great loser in this course of events was Christianity, especially protestant Christianity, a long-standing ally of idealism. The vacuum thus produced was often filled by vulgar materialist ideas along the line of Ludwig Buchner’s Kraft und Stoff (1855). The more educated classes，however, had needs of a more refined nature, and they turned instead to Schopenhauerianism. Schopenhauer stood firmly in the great European tradition of idealism extending from Plato and Kant, but he nevertheless resolutely rejected post-Kantian, and more specifically Hegelian idealism. Schopenhauer combined the scientist’s conviction of a blind causality reigning in the world of nature with a view according to which this world is none the less rooted in a subjective bestowal of sense. He combined the democratic feeling of compassion for all mankind with an elitist view on art, and a belief in the ultimate meaninglessness of history with an ontology in which the will is fundamental. But above all his philosophy, while rating Christianity rather low, made room for religion on better soil: the religion of India.The view of Indian thought current among educated circles in the second half of the nineteenth century in Germany was strongly influenced by Schopenhauer. Not only did he give popular currency to expressions such as “nirvana” and “the veil of maya”，but also he may also be held responsible for the current amalgamation of all ideas which blew into Europe from the East. Neither Hinduism and Buddhism nor Brahmanism and Vedanta philosophy were clearly distinguished by Schopenhauer. On one point, however, he was particularly firm： Buddhism is the highest religion in the world，because it is an “atheistic religion” . Thus it not only surpasses Christian theism，but also comes close to Schopenhauer’s own conception of the absolute. Schopenhauer’s followers in Germany were therefore able to look down on the parochial Christian rituals practised in their country, while upholding the claim that they，too，were directed toward some higher entity however, vaguely conceived. Moreover, they could feel themselves close to the Vedas and Up anisads，considered to be the oldest and most venerable documents of human thought, while at the same time feeling superior to these Indian “myths” as a result of their own rootedness in the purely philosophical ideas of the Schopenhauerian system.To illustrate all this, I want to quote from a document which not only exemplifies this widespread attitude, but also deviates from it in a significant way. It will moreover display the typical framework of Husserl’s own understanding of Indian thought. The document in question is a letter written by Thomas Masaryk (1850—19

Terrorism proves to be a more serious problem than anticipated,and it challenges both policymakers burdened with the design of countermeasures and social scientists who are called upon to explain it Terrorism’s unique nature is revealed by two phenomena. First, public perception of threat and danger seems to be disproportionate to terrorists’ actual capabilities. Second, terrorism, more than any other form of warfare, has an impact on a target group immensely larger than that of the immediate victims and often on populations beyond that terrorism bears primarily on individuals’ perceptions, on the “public mind”;in other words,it is a form of psychological warfare.The psychological impacts of political terrorism are potentially manifest in individuals’ emotional and attitudinal responses. In the realm of emotions, the fear and concern for personal safety, which terror tactics might give rise to, is a revealing indicator of their effectiveness. One could argue, of course,that terrorists’ ability to sow widespread fear hardly needs proof as it is obvious that violence and particularly the terrorists’ hallmark, randomly targeted violence, are anxiety inducing. It should be noted, however, that terrorism has claimed relatively few casualties to date, and that in most countries the actual probability of incurring harm from terroristic activity is only a fraction of, say, the risk of death or injury in vehicle accidents or common crimes. Hence,the power of terrorism to intimidate should not be taken for granted.Intimidation and the induction of fear are not the ends of terrorists’ activity but rather means to effect political change. Their violence is predicated on two assumptions:(a) Violent action can force the causes pursued by terrorists into the forefront of an indifferent public’s awareness; (b) faced with the choice between continuing violence and acceptance of the terrorists’ demands, the public might opt for the latter. Thus, the attitudes that the targets of political terrorism develop toward its perpetrators, their objectives,and the actions that ought to be undertaken vis-à-vis them constitute telling measures of the effectiveness of terrorism.

The present investigation sought to assess the psychological reactions of a public which has been exposed for a considerable length of time to the threats and actions of terrorist. Regarding emotional impacts, the data suggest that terrorism’s ability to intimidate, to induce worry and concern, disproportionally exceeds the actual damage it causes. According to the data gathered，the actual probability of being victimized by terrorist activity was extremely low;estimated at less than 1/20 of the likelihood of being hurt in a road accident. Yet a large majority of the respondents expressed worry about the risk of personally incurring the consequences of terrorism. It might be uncontrollability dramatically enhance its impact. Thus, while the risk of vehicle driving might be far greater than the danger of terrorism, the car driver is usually reassured by a subjective feeling of control which the potential victim of terrorism lacks.The survey results indicate that terrorism has failed to produce the change in attitudes sought by its perpetrators. Most respondents favored，instead，the reliance on extreme counterterrorist measures. The hardening of Israelis attitudes toward terrorists and their objectives was also revealed by the respondents’ unanimity of opinion. Taken together, the data concerning the emotional impact of terrorism and its effects on attitudes did not bear out the rationale which governs terroristic action. Despite the widespread concern and worry revealed by these data, there was no evidence of any willingness to politically concede to terrorists. On the contrary, and as already noted, the majority advocated the adoption of harsh measures against terrorists. Thus, at least insofar as Palestinian terrorism and the Israeli public are concerned,proves to be counterproductive.1.According to the author, which of the following is true about terrorism?2.T

This English document is compiled by the Bureau of Legislative Affairs of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, and is published by the China Legal System Publishing House. In case of（ ）, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.