奇奇是这样一个孩子：胆子小，上课不主动发言，即便发言，小脸涨得通红，声音很小，特别害怕失败与挫折。他也不爱与同伴交往，老师和小朋友邀请他时，他总是把头摇得像拨浪鼓似的……造成奇奇性格胆小的可能因素有哪些？
相关专题： 拨浪鼓
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A.娃娃、小碗B.积木、拼图C.不倒翁、拨浪鼓D.摇篮上挂一些色彩鲜明的小球。提供听的材料(音乐或小铃)
There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do.In the ancient world, as in today's world, most boys played with some form of toy and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys imitate their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world.What is remarkable about the history of toys, is not how they changed over the centuries, but how they remained the same. Changes have come mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys in their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles.Because toys can be regarded as an art form，they have not been subjected to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent （进步）.The progress from a rattle （拨浪鼓）used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.1.The reason why the toys most boys play with are different from those that girls play with is that（ ）.2.One aspect of "the universality of toys" lies in the fact that（ ）. 3.Which of the following is the author's view on the historical development of toys?4.Regarded as a kind of art form, toys .（ ）.5.The author uses the example of a rattle to show that （ ）.
A.their social roles are rigidly determined. B.most boys would like to follow their fathers' professions. C.boys like to play w
4岁的贝贝吃饭时总要坐在保育员腿上，让人一口一口喂他吃。上幼儿园的孩子吃饭应该是力所能及的。王老师对他说：“贝贝乖，坐到桌边来，自己吃饭更香。”他哭喊着：“我不会，我不自己吃嘛。”老师轻抚着他的额头说：“贝贝是个聪明的孩子，不会自己吃饭哪行。我教你好吗？”贝贝头摇得像拨浪鼓：“有人喂我吃，我干嘛要学呢。在家里，都是奶奶喂的。”
王老师从贝贝的父母口中了解到，他们中年喜得贵子，对贝贝有求必应，年逾花甲的奶奶更是溺爱贝贝的坚强后盾，贝贝在家过着饭来张口、衣来伸手、养尊处优的“小皇帝”生活。
弄清了贝贝过分依赖的原因，幼儿园的老师们就开始实施“对因保教”措施。首先，取得贝贝父母的合作与理解，使家长对孩子的要求与幼儿园一致，尽量让孩子自己吃饭，学会生活自理。其次，王老师与班里其他老师合作，采用“以儿童教育儿童”的方法，利用其他孩子的良好进餐行为进行示范，促进同伴之间的相互学习和交往，让贝贝建立羞耻心和荣辱心。同时，注意安排贝贝与年长儿童交往，让他在哥哥姐姐的良好榜样强化下习惯成自然。最后，王老师鼓励贝贝在一日生活中自主选择，培养他的独立意识，提供心理支持，增加自信心，对他的合理要求及时满足，对不合理的要求不予理睬，设法转移他的注意力，对他的点滴进步进行表扬和奖励。运用了以上综合的保教方法，贝贝终于能自己吃饭了，而且还具备了一定的生活自理能力。
38【简答】
案例中，教师们的做法贯彻了哪些幼儿园教育的原则？
