Armstrong has denied this charge repeatedly-successfully suing over the issue and is reluctant to talk about it now, （ ） that he has nothing new to say.

A.on ground B.on a ground C.on such ground D.on the grounds

s="" philosophical="" successor,="" who="" carried="" on="" both="" his="" phenomenalist="" and="" presentationalist="" philosophy="" into="" the="" social="" arena="" of="" politics="" ethics,="" was="" john="" stuart="" mill.="" but="" first="" we="" must="" turn="" to="" an="" even="" greater="" influence="" mill's="" views,="" one="" leading="" radical="" reformers="" nineteenth="" century,="" jeremy="" bentham. Born in London, the son of a leading attorney, Bentham was a child prodigy who began studying history and Latin at the age of three. At twelve he entered Queen's College in Oxford and earned his B. A. in three years and his M. A. two years later at the age of seventeen. His father expected him to become a practicing lawyer, but Bentham was far more interested in the philosophical foundations of ethics, morality, and legal theory. He traveled widely throughout Europe and wrote his first essay on economics in Russia. In 1792 he became a citizen of France. Bentham's main philosophical influences were Locke and Hume. When he read Hume's Treatise and Human Nature he said it was as if scales fell from eyes. He went on to publish several books on political and legal theory, but it was his Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation that made him a powerful and influential international figure. In his Principles he laid the groundwork for utilitarianism; as developed by Mill (whom we shall consider in the next section), his theory is still today one of the leading moral theories in the world.Bentham defines his principle of utility as "that property in any object whereby it tends to produce pleasure, good or happiness, or to prevent the happening of mischief, pain, evil or unhappiness to the party whose interest is considered". According to Bentham, this principle takes account of the two main motives for all human action—pain and pleasure. Governments, social, political and legal institutions, as well as individual citizens, should follow the Greatest Happiness Principle: choose that course of action that leads to the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. His utilitarianism, designed to free people from oppressive laws and to make governing bodies moral, provided a foundation to many democratic societies. Since leaders as well as individuals are thus morally bound to follow the same universal principle and one that is readily accessible to everyone—we all know what pain and pleasure are — there can be no manipulation, through rhetoric, of the weak by the powerful. In Bentham's system we are each our own best judge as to how best to live and attain happiness.He openly called for the rejection of all monarchies and established churches, claiming that "all government is in itself one vast evil." The only justification for putting such evil into place would be to prevent some greater evil; governments should therefore never stray from the principle of utility—the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Among Bentham's many disciples, the most famous is John Stuart Mill, who further developed utilitarianism but along rather different lines.

1.What does the author probably mean by "scales fell from eyes" in the third paragraph?

2.Which of the following can best explain the quotes in the fourth paragraph of Bentham's definition of principle of utility?

3.How did Bentham influence the world according to the passage?

4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?

5.Which of the following would most likely follow this passage?

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Comte's philosophical successor, who carried on both his phenomenalist and presentationalist philosophy into the social arena of politics and ethics, was John Stuart Mill. But first we must turn to an even greater influence on Mill's views, one of the leading radical reformers of the nineteenth century, Jeremy Bentham.Born in London, the son of a leading attorney, Bentham was a child prodigy who began studying history and Latin at the age of three. At twelve he entered Queen

There is no doubt that dishonest or （ ）acquisition of information is usually overwhelming evidence that information was confidential and not part of the defendant’s skill and knowledge.

A.blatant B.surreptitious C.suspicious D.conspicuous

Budget forecasts are the ultimate lesson in taking things （ ）in hindsight, most forecasts look worse than random guesses.

A.with a stroke of the pen B.with a whip of scorpions C.with a grain of salt D.with all due submission

It was a national shame that somebody that we refer to as Father of the Nation and his personal belongings（ ） in a foreign land.

A.is being auctioned off B.was being auctioned off C.were being auctioned off D.are being auctioned off

Neither the urban nor rural problems discussed above can be addressed in isolation: in the absence of significant improvements in agricultural productivity, raising incomes will require the transfer of labor into non-agricultural production. Migration—which takes place predominantly from poorer to wealthier and from rural to urban areas—can be regional or international, as well as domestic, but internal migration is generally the main option for the poorest, or those from the poorest regions, due to the lower costs involved. In the context of the current discussion, migration should be viewed as part of an inevitable process of structural change that contributes to rising productivity and increasing incomes in rural areas, while meeting demands for labor in industrial and urban areas.Precisely because of the concentration of urban 4problems1 highlighted above, however, the process of migration to urban areas, and by extension migrants themselves, are often regarded by policy-makers and the urban population as part of the problem, eliciting negative policy responses. These include residential or mobility restrictions, limits on access to social services and public goods, or differential pricing structures (schooling in China). The costs of migrating can be raised indirectly—through discrimination in employment or housing, by regulations designed to control mobility, residence or work requirements, and through public messages and stereotypes that stigmatize migrants, often blaming them for crime or unrest.Despite such direct or indirect disincentives, internal migration (seasonal or temporary, or longer-term) is huge and increasing rapidly. China has seen approximately 120 million rural residents move for varying lengths of time to cities in search of work, India has an estimated 30 million seasonal migrant laborers, other countries lack data but the documented trends show a widespread increase. Positive incentives or support systems — assistance in finding jobs, appropriate training or improved access to services, or enforcement of employment protections and other rights-remain the exception, however.Growing evidence illustrates the contribution made by migrants to economic growth (building and servicing cities, industries and the export sector), as well as to the development of rural areas and the alleviation of poverty (via remittances, transfer of skills and reducing surplus labor in agriculture). Recent studies from a number of countries-including India, China, Thailand and Vietnam—show that remittances now account for a significant proportion of annual household income, and may even exceed the contribution from agriculture. Remittances substitute for lack of access to credit in rural areas, and are used to finance expenses ranging from food, education and health care, weddings and funerals, to the purchase of productive assets. In Bangladesh and Vietnam evidence suggests that the injection of cash into the economy stimulates the land market, increases local wages and generally improves the local economy. While international migration, through remittances or the return of skilled labor, is important to economies overall, and analyses suggest an impact on poverty reduction in some countries, internal migration is more important in the context of the very poor.

1.What is the most appropriate title for this passage?2.What does the author mainly talk about in paragraph 2?3.What is the meaning of the last sentence in paragraph 3?4.What does the author want to prove by mentioning as some examples a number of countries, including India, China, Thailand and Vietnam in paragraph 4?5.What will the following paragraph probably discuss?